Logical Reasoning MCQ Set 18

No national productivity measures are available for underground industries that may exist but remain unreported. On the other hand, at least some industries that are run entirely by self-employed industrialists are included in national productivity measures.
From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that

1. there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are underground industries
2. no industries that are run entirely by self-employed industrialists operate underground
3. there are at least some industries other than those run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are underground industries
4. there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are not underground industries
5. there are at least some underground industries for which national productivity measures are available

Lou observes that if flight 409 is canceled, then the manager could not possibly arrive in time for the meeting. But the flight was not canceled. Therefore, Lou concludes, the manager will certainly be on time. Evelyn replies that even if Lou's premises are true, his argument is fallacious. And therefore, she adds, the manager will not arrive on time after all.
Which of the following is the strongest thing that we can properly say about this discussion?

1. Evelyn is mistaken in thinking Lou's argument to be fallacious, and so her own conclusion is unwarranted.
2. Evelyn is right about Lou's argument, but nevertheless her own conclusion is unwarranted.
3. Since Evelyn is right about Lou's argument, her own conclusion is well supported.
4. Since Evelyn is mistaken about Lou's argument, her own conclusion must be false.
5. Evelyn is right about Lou's argument, but nevertheless her own conclusion is false.

Sally has never received a violation from the Federal Aviation Administration during her 16-year flying career. Sally must be a great pilot.
Which of the following can be said about the reasoning above?

1. The definitions of the terms create ambiguity.
2. The argument uses circular reasoning.
3. The argument works by analogy.
4. The argument is built upon hidden assumptions.
5. This is an example of an argument that is directed against the source of the claim rather than the claim itself.

The Japanese economic model created strong domestic industries through subsidies from its Ministry of Trade and by closing off competitive foreign firms to its domestic market. This strategy promised to help economic growth by incubating domestic industries. New Japanese industries could count on a known local demand and would be protected from competition by tariffs and other barriers. The program could reduce the amount of imports and therefore improve the nation's balance of trade.
Which of the following, based on the passage above, is a weakness in this economic strategy?

1. A protectionist policy will create animosity among other nations.
2. Fast growth of small industries will create a class of millionaires and increase the inequality of income.
3. Subsidies and import constraints keep domestic prices high and impose a burden on consumers.
4. Quotas are more regressive than tariffs.
5. The demand for the products made by the incubated industries would not be known

Historically, famines have generally been followed by periods of rising wages, because when a labor force is diminished, workers are more valuable in accordance with the law of supply and demand. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s is an exception; it resulted in the death or emigration of half of Ireland's population, but there was no significant rise in the average wages in Ireland in the following decade.
Which one of the following, if true, would LEAST contribute to an explanation of the exception to the generalization?

1. Improved medical care reduced the mortality rate among able-bodied adults in the decade following the famine to below prefamine levels.
2. Eviction policies of the landowners in Ireland were designed to force emigration of the elderly and infirm, who could not work, and to retain a high percentage of able-bodied workers.
3. Advances in technology increased the efficiency of industry and agriculture, and so allowed maintenance of economic output with less demand for labor.
4. The birth rate increased during the decade following the famine, and this compensated for much of the loss of population that was due to the famine.
5. England, which had political control of Ireland, legislated artificially low wages to provide English-owned industry and agriculture in Ireland with cheap labor.

Cars are safer than planes. Fifty percent of plane accidents result in death, while only one percent of car accidents result in death.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?

1. Planes are inspected more often than cars.
2. The number of car accidents is several hundred thousand times higher than the number of plane accidents.
3. Pilots never fly under the influence of alcohol, while car drivers often do.
4. Plane accidents are usually the fault of air traffic controllers, not pilots.
5. Planes carry more passengers than cars do.