Lesson: Chapter - 11

E-H

E

ear

Sensory organ capable of detecting sound.

The progression of plant life and attendant animal life in a given geographic location, from pioneer plant to climax community.

The study of the interactions and relationships of populations with each other and their abiotic environments.

A community of organisms and its abiotic environment.

See cold-blooded.

The female gamete in sexual reproduction; also called an ovum.

An instrument that uses an electron beam to form clear and highly magnified images of microscopic structures. Electron microscopes cannot take pictures of living organisms.

The final stage of aerobic respiration. The electron transport chain establishes an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

Before birth, the maturing cells that will grow into a fully formed organism.

Control system of the body that functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.

Process by which liquids or small solid particles are taken into a cell in the form of small vesicles that are produced through the invagination of the cell membrane.

A network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum is a major site of protein and lipid synthesis.

An interior skeleton found in vertebrates made of bone and cartilage.

See warm-blooded.

Energy in a community can be depicted as a pyramid of food or biomass. The availability of food, biomass, and energy from the trophic level of producers up through each subsequent level on the food web is approximately 10 percent of that available in the previous trophic level.

Biological catalysts made from proteins. Enzymes have attachment locations for substrates called active sites.

Hormone that stimulates the growth of the uterine lining during pregnancy and that develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics, such as the development of mammary glands, a narrower waist and wider hips, axillary and pubic hair, and a higher-pitched voice.

An organism whose cells have membrane-bound intracellular organelles, including a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes. Eukaryotes, unlike prokaryotes, can undergo sexual reproduction via meiosis. Compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes are more complex and arose later in evolutionary history. Protists, fungi, plants, and animals are all eukaryotic organisms.

The organ system that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes from the body in the form of urea or uric acid. In humans, the two kidneys are the vital organs of blood filtration. In annelids, nephridia fill the filtering role; Malpighian tubules do the same in arthropods. In humans, other important structures of the system are the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.

Process by which molecules are secreted from the cell. Exocytosis occurs when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside.

A rigid, chitinous protective structure that surrounds the bodies of arthropods and provides support.

Sensory organ capable of detecting light.

F

The first generation of offspring from a cross between two varieties or individuals. In Mendel’s experiments, all the F₁ offspring were heterozygous hybrids with a dominant phenotype.

The second generation of offspring in a breeding experiment; the offspring from a mating between two F₁ hybrids. In Mendel’s monohybrid experiments, the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F₂ generation was 3:1.

The fundamental unit of heredity, composed of a stretch of DNA. In general, a single gene encodes the information needed to produce one kind of protein. Each gene resides in a specific spot on a chromosome.

The movement of genes, within a population or between populations, through mating.

The series of codons that make up an organism’s DNA.

The entire set of specific alleles present in an organism or cell: the genetic information that (together with the environment) defines the phenotype. Often refers only to the alleles controlling a particular trait of interest.

Cells that lead to the production of gametes. Produced by meiosis.

A monosaccharide with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Used as the raw material for cellular respiration.

The first step of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis produces ATP while converting glucose to pyruvate, which is the raw material for the rest of aerobic respiration.

A series of membrane-bound sacs in the eukaryotic cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus takes proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and packages and secretes them to various destinations inside and outside of the cell.

Sex organs that produce gametes. The gonads also release sex hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. In humans, the male gonads are the testes; in females, the ovaries.

An artificial form of vegetative propagation in which parts of two young plants are joined together, first by artificial means and then by tissue regeneration.

A process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to Gram’s stain. Depending on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, bacteria stain differently and are classified as Gram-negative or Gram-positive.

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